Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Vladimir Solovyov

Dostoyevsky’s Brothers Karamazov is one of my favorite books. The following is a quote by the Gnostic monk, Father Zossima:

What isolation?” I asked him The isolation that you find everywhere, particularly in our age. But it won’t come to an end right now, because the time has not yet come. Today everyone asserts his own personality and strives to live a full life as an individual. But these efforts lead not to a full life but to suicide, because, instead of realizing his personality, man only slips into total isolation. For in our age mankind has been broken up into self-contained individuals, each of whom retreats into his lair, trying to stay away from the rest of mankind, and finally isolating himself from people and people from him. And, while he accumulates material wealth in his isolation, he thinks with satisfaction how mighty and secure he has become, because he is mad and cannot see that the more goods he accumulates, the deeper he sinks into suicidal impotence. The reason for this is that he has become accustomed to relying only on himself; he has split off from the whole and become an isolated unit; he has trained his soul not to rely on human help, not to believe in men and mankind, and only worry that the wealth and privileges he has accumulated may get lost. Everywhere men today are turning scornfully away from the truth that the security of the individual cannot be achieved by his isolated efforts but only by mankind as a whole.”

Brothers Karamazov, Chapter 2 Recollections of Father Zossima’s Youth before he became a Monk.

Reading the Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov felt like discovery.  Solovyov’s influence can be seen in Dostoyevsky’s characters’ discussions about nihilism and its rejection through faith.

[Edited from Photomedia Forum post by T.Neugebauer from  Feb 08, 2007]

Miłosz on Herbert Marcuse

Miłosz dedicates an entire chapter of his Visions from San Francisco Bay to Herbert Marcuse. The chapter begins with a quote from One Dimensional Man

The quantification of nature, which led to its explication in terms of mathematical structures, separated reality from all inherent ends and, consequently, separated the true from the good, science from ethics … Then the precarious ontological link between Logos and Eros is broken, and scientific rationality emerges as essentially neutral.

 

Miłosz originally published the polish version of the Visions from San Francisco Bay in 1969, they are reflections on a particularly significant period in American history which he happened to have spent at University of California, Berkeley. He notices that Marcuse was especially popular among young Americans, struggling with identifying the source of their discontent

 

It is very difficult to live feeling that reality is covered by a veil or multitude of veils that one tries to draw aside in order to get at something “firm” – but the veils are invisible, moving, slippery; they elude names because their perversity is so great that they are transformed as often as they are named. Comedy and terror flow over them in waves of images of the absurd. Under such conditions, not far from schizophrenia (one of whose symptoms is that a schizophrenic may see a tree but it is not completely real; a real tree is expected to appear any moment, but it never quite does), Marcuse comes forth and says: This happened because you are unfree.

 

The description of our socialization and knowledege as a source of bondage, as well as the call towards ‘negation’ as a path towards freedom is reminiscient of another sage teaching around California during this time, Jiddu Krishnamurti.

 

The tyranny oppressing you does not have any command center in any palace or castle, no one has planned it and it need not resort to orders and prohibitions. But the control which is exercised over you is total, for you have been transformed from within – your mind, your emotions, your desires do not belong to you, they have been imposed by society’s rituals. If you want to be free, the first step must be the realization that any of your reflections on daily life, on man, are not independent, since the material at your disposal, the material of your perceptions and ideas, is not your own as you believe. It is not with the world that you are communicating but with your own civilization, which disguises itself and passes itself off as the world. So let conciousness discover how and by what means you are manipulated. That can be done.

The instrument of control employed by the collective is language – spoken, written, pictorial. The information that language transmits can be evaluated with relative ease, but the dislocations of meaning brought about in language by the elimination of certain expressions, the inverting of concepts, even through syntax, are much more difficult to perceive. Marcuse considers the analysis of language to be the principal task, although he seems not to have any doubts about the somewhat daunting dimensions of such an enterprise. He attacks language that breaks the reality we perceive into fragments of “facts”, since that language fully supports a cow-like view of the world – we don’t know what a cow staring at a passing automobile thinks, but we sense that it is something on the order of a pure statement: it’s there, nothing more than that. According to Marcuse, there is a close connection between the colloquial language that fashions everyone imperceptibly and the limitations of the philosophers it has also fashioned.

To the delight of his young readers, Marcuse concentrates his attack on positivist philosophy, powerful in American universities, and especially despised by the students. For that philosophy renders any longing for a coherent world view impossible and derides that longing as well. “Values detached from objective reality become subjective,” to use Marcuse’s words, and what is subjective is not considered philosophical. The young turn away from such linguistic games, which they find sterile – a healthy impulse on their part, for what sort of philosophy would investigate a valueless, cow-like world? But they are then condemned to dangle in the void of their own subjectivity, an all-consuming relativism from which neither hallucinogens nor Eastern religions will save them. According to Marcuse, however, positivist philosophy is not an innocent exercise practiced by armchair sages. In agreement with science in a common contempt for Eros – values, detached and banished – it strives to perfect the language of technological domination

source: Visions from San Francisco Bay, (1985 translation by Richard Lourie) p.187-

 

Miłosz admits a common tradition and ‘early acquired habits’ with Marcuse, the conviction that a marriage of Logos and Eros is necessary to understanding the human condition. However, Miłosz also struggles with the contradiction in Marcuse, “To consider the citizens of any country, as Marcuse does, depraved creatures, blameless idiots but idiots nonetheless, is to condemn oneself to intellectual arrogance”.

[Edited from Photomedia Forum post by T.Neugebauer from Jan  16, 2007]

Czesław Miłosz 

Czesław Miłosz begins his 1980 Nobel lecture by referring to the Polish series Biblioteka Laureatów Nobla [The Library of the Nobel Laureates].

In the Captive Mind, Miłosz writes about totalitarianism from his experiences of the nazi occupation of Poland, the tragic Warsaw uprising and subsequent communist Poland. The book recounts the stories of four Polish artist intellectuals. Although their names are disguised with Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta; it is common knowledge that they refer to Jerzy AndrzejewskiTadeusz BorowskiJerzy Putrament and Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński.

The Captive Mind opens with a reference to Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz‘ novel Insatiability and the pill of Murti Bing. Miłosz describes the communist totalitarian system fighting against religion in an attempt to establish a system based purely on ‘reason and science’. With religion out of the way, the authorities hoped to have the ability to justify morally unjust acts through appeal to the objective, inevitable and reasonable course of history. Czeslaw Miłosz described scientific laws and theories as bridges of understanding; bridges over an infinite abyss that is our own mortality. Faced with the realization of that mortality, many turn to prayer and artistic representations of spirituality.

In the 1960s, Miłosz became a professor of slavic languages and literatures at the University of California, where he wrote a real gem of a book that blends and weaves the history of philosophy, politics and literature The History of Polish Literature.

[Edited from Photomedia Forum post by T.Neugebauer from May 05, 2006 – Feb 28, 2007]

Sügisball [Autumn Ball]

Sügisball [Autumn Ball] is the first feature film of Estonian filmmaker Veiko Õunpuu. He wrote the screenplay based on Mati Unt’s novel and directed the film. Autumn Ball has already won the Venice Horizons Award at the Venice Film Festival, and it is currently playing at the Warsaw International Film Fest as well as the Festival Nouveau Cinema, which is where I saw it.

The synopsis from the Warsaw International Film Fest web site goes like this:


Fragments of six lonely lives, stuck in the humdrum world of Soviet-era tower blocks.
How close can we get to other human beings? Is it possible to live a life completely devoid of love? The questions are painfully apparent and the answers much less so. On the other hand, the film offers a possibility of warmth, of laughter. A sparse commodity, true, but inherently present. A tale of human seclusion and the incapability to reach others. Director`s statement: “But you also find humour and the absurd, and the properly attuned viewer might even find themselves laughing out loud. If I were to define the film, I would say that `Autumn Ball` is a pitch-black comedy about loneliness, despair and hope”.

Sügisball is not a comedy about relationships, the drunken director of comedies about relationships is beaten up (maybe even killed) by Theo, the doorman, in Autumn Ball. Loneliness and despair is felt throughout the film, exaggerated to a point of humour; I am thinking of Mati getting caught looking into his rival’s apartment window and setting off a car alarm as he runs away. Veiko Õunpuu shows us a picture of hope and love within a world of loneliness, alienation and despair. The Soviet-era tower blocks are reminiscent of Kieslowski’s “Dekalog” and Robert Gliński’s “Cześć Tereska”.

Theo is seduced by an intellectual who idealizes him until the very moment she learns that he is not a humble genius writer or academic that only’ appears to be a regular person. Perhaps literary conferences are indeed contrived attempts at identity construction, and perhaps ‘the west’ is financing all kinds of nonsense out of an overfed guilt that is just a continuation of colonialism; but neither of these thoughts sounded quite so comical before I heard that academic intellectual use these lines to strike up a conversation with Theo at a literary conference that he was crashing. He really is a regular person, or is he? She quotes Fernando Pessoa,

“I made of myself, something beyond my knowledge
and what I could make of myself, I failed to do.”

The poem from where the line is taken is called Tabacaria [Tobacco-Shop] and once I read it I realized just how much of an inspiration Pessoa might have been for the film. The edition that I got my hands on actually has the original Portuguese side by side with the English translation.

Fiz de mim o que não soube,
E o que podia fazer de mim não o fiz.

and the translation reads,

“I became what I couldn’t,
And what I might have become, I didn’t”

There is no such thing as a perfect translation, but I did want to know if the word “knowledge” was in there or not, and I am told by my Portuguese speaking friend that it is, “’Soube’ is from ‘saber’ an irregular verb for ‘know’, conjugated at the first person of the conditional past (think: ‘that I hadn’t known’ or ‘that wasn’t known’).”

Some of the characters in Autumn Ball seem to be stuck in the type of existential void that is described in Pessoa’s Tobacco-Shop. Jaana leaves Mati in search of happiness, and when she does come back, he tells her that happiness is just what everyone else wants too. The sense of despair that can overwhelm us when we consider ourselves not as individuals, but as interchangeable units that form a more significant, statistical collection, is in focus. All the more so as the camera moves to pan across endless identical windows in the rows of a grey cement apartment block complex.

We yearn for permanence in a constantly changing world. I recently read an interview with Godard, where he explains that film is the only art that deals with mortality directly, because to film actors is to film mortal creatures in the process of change.


JLD: […]
The cinema is the only art which, as Cocteau says (in Orpheus, I believe) “films death at work.” The person one films is growing older and will die. We film, therefore, a moment when death is working. Painting is immobile; the cinema is interesting because it seizes life and the mortal aspect of life.

source: “An Interview With Jean-Luc Godard.” First published in Cahiers du Cinema, December 1962. Found in: Jean-Luc Godard – A critical anthology. E.P. Dutton & Co., 1968

Mati concludes in an inspired state, after days of drinking following the painful parting with Jaana who has left him for another man,

“it’s not boredom that ends love, but impatience
impatience of bodies yearning to live, yet dying each day”

She comes back to tell him that she loves him, and in this there is hope. We know that Mati is happy, because he has dreamt of this happiness. He admits that he does not believe her when she tells him that she loves him, but his words are lost to the reality of their embrace.

[Photomedia Forum post by T.Neugebauer from 2007]

Krzysztof Zanussi

I saw Illumination by Krzysztof Zanussi recently. It is a film about science: its ethics, politics, successes and failures, and the ambitious young physicist who is trying to find his way. Anyone who is interested in science would enjoy this film, and what is interesting is that even though this is a film from 1974, the issues and scientific accomplishments it covers are particularly relevant and current.


The film opens with a videorecording of prof. Władysław Tatarkiewicz explaining the primacy of purity of heart in illumination of the mind allowing for the direct perception of truth.

Illumination is St Augustine’s theory that moments of clarity and understanding come about in a Platonic revelation of the real world that is more a result of a purity of heart than intellectual effort. It is described not as an ecstatic moment that is free of thought but an exponential expansion of thought.

 


Zbigniew Zapasiewicz and Piotr Garlicki

Barwy ochronne is the 1976 film by Krzysztof Zanussi that I can’t seem to find the official English translation of the title, I would translate it as “Protective hues” or wait, I found it, “Camouflage”. The film was awarded the grand prix for the best picture at the Gdańsk film festival in 1977, but it is also not out of date today, still relevant to human dilemma. What has changed, perhaps, is the environment. Perhaps today the young academics would be offered a squash racket instead of the tennis racket, and a membership to an expensive health club in the city instead of the tennis court in the forest. The linguistics conference would be taking place in a metropolitan setting instead of the little lakeside resort in 1970s Poland. Lastly, perhaps today the plot would have more of a corporate corruption of the academia angle to it, but the fishbowl that is academia and the conflict between truth and convenience is just as relevant today.

[Photomedia Forum posts by T.Neugebauer from Jan-Mar, 2007]

Visualization Methods

Periodic Table of Visualization Methods shows visualization methods for data, information, concept, strategy, method and compound presented in a familiar periodic table structure. The classification scheme in use here is a multi-faceted one:


simple to complex
data / information / concept / strategy / metaphor / compound
process / structure
detail / overview
divergence / convergence

 

This project is one of the maps produced by visual-literacy.org, a collaborative effort from various Swiss universities including Università della Svizzera italiana, Universität St. Gallen (UNISG) , L’Université de Genève (UNIGE), Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (FHNW).

I was especially intrigued by the XEROX PARC Cone Tree (Cn) which has been used to represent hierarchical file structures including the Wold Wide Web.

[Edited from Photomedia Forum post by T.Neugebauer from Jul 10, 2007 ]

Gödel’s Proof

Douglas R. Hofstadter, the author of Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid edited a new edition of a wonderful 1958 book by Ernest Nagel and James R. Newman called Gödel’s Proof.

The original 1931 article by Godel is available in English translation by Martin Hirzel (On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems); I recommend reading the Nagel book first.

see also: Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem (MathWorld)Gödel number (MathWorld)

[Photomedia Forum post by T.Neugebauer from May 22, 2007]

InPhO – dynamic philosophy ontology

The Indiana Philosophy Ontology (InPhO) Project creates a dynamic formal ontology for the discipline of philosophy. The site allows you to browse the taxonomy and search Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Noesis (this was a search engine for open access, academic philosophy on the Internet) and Google Scholar. The project is described in the 2007 Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL) paper (ACM) and FirstMonday article.

[Edited from Photomedia Forum post by T.Neugebauer from October 29, 2007]

Józef Tischner on communist rule and consumerism

Józef Tischner was a well-known contemporary Polish philosopher. While reading his 1993 book, Nieszczęsny dar wolności (The Unfortunate Gift of Freedom) I found this description of consumerism in an unexpected place: in relation to communist rule.

 


What then is communist rule?Its distinguishing mark was not that it provided more opportunity for consumption but that it embodied and expressed the very essence of consumerism. Everything that exists is material for use and to be utilized. In the lead of values for use and to be utilized stands power. “To have power” meant: “to use power”. And “to use power” meant: to allow yourself to be used and to know how to use others. Human being is internally empty. That which is in him, his ‘socialized being’ is also for use and to be utilized. We are cogs inside a self-utilizing machine. The essence of power is the power of consumption that is continuously changing into the consumption of power itself.source: translated from Nieszczęsny dar wolności

 

[Photomedia Forum post by T.Neugebauer from  Jan 08, 2007 ]